Epidemiology
Etiology
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
An accumulation of low-protein fluid in the interstitium and alveoli due to an increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Causes of acute heart failure (left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction), e.g.: Acute coronary syndrome
- Valvular dysfunction, e.g.:
- Aortic regurgitation or stenosis
- Mitral regurgitation or stenosis
- Cardiac arrhythmia
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
An accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the lung interstitium and alveoli due to an increase in permeability of the pulmonary capillaries
| PFT Parameter | Change in Pulmonary Edema | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| FVC | ↓ | Fluid in alveoli reduces displaceable air volume. |
| FEV1 | ↓ | Reduced proportionally with FVC. |
| FEV1/FVC Ratio | Normal or ↑ | Characteristic of a restrictive pattern. |
| TLC | ↓ | Hallmark of restriction; lungs can’t fully expand. |
| DLCO | ↓ (usually) | Increased diffusion distance across fluid-filled alveolar-capillary membrane. |
| Compliance | ↓ | Lungs become stiff and difficult to inflate. |
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Diagnostics
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Treatment
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