• Cytosol:

  • Glycolysis
  • Pentose Phosphate Pathway (HMP Shunt)
  • Fatty Acid Synthesis
  • Protein Synthesis (initial stages, free ribosomes)
  • Gluconeogenesis (major parts)
  • Heme Synthesis (parts)
  • Urea Cycle (parts)
  • Glycogen synthesis & breakdown

• Mitochondria:

  • Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle)
  • Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation (inner membrane)
  • Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (matrix)
  • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH) (matrix)
  • Ketone Body Synthesis (liver)
  • Urea Cycle (initial steps)
  • Heme Synthesis (initial & final steps)
  • Gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylation)
  • Steroid Hormone Synthesis (initial & some later steps)

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):

  • Synthesis of secretory, membrane, and lysosomal proteins
  • N-linked glycosylation (initial)
  • Protein folding

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):

  • Lipid & steroid hormone synthesis
  • Detoxification (e.g., cytochrome P450 in liver)
  • Calcium storage
  • Omega-oxidation of fatty acids

• Golgi Apparatus:

  • Protein modification (e.g., further glycosylation)
  • Sorting and packaging of proteins into vesicles

• Peroxisomes:

  • Beta-oxidation of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFAs)
  • Plasmalogen synthesis
  • Detoxification (e.g., catalase for H₂O₂)