• Alzheimer disease
  • Early, insidious short-term memory loss
  • Language deficits & spatial disorientation
  • Later personality changes
• Vascular dementia
  • Stepwise decline
  • Early executive dysfunction
  • Cerebral infarction &/or deep white matter changes on neuroimaging
• Frontotemporal dementia
  • Early personality changes
  • Apathy, disinhibition & compulsive behavior
  • Frontotemporal atrophy on neuroimaging
• Parkinson disease > Dementia with Lewy bodies
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Spontaneous parkinsonism
  • Fluctuating cognition
  • Rapid eye movement behavior disorder
• Normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • Ataxia early in disease
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Dilated ventricles on neuroimaging
• Prion disease
  • Behavioral changes
  • Rapid progression
  • Myoclonus &/or seizures
• Normal aging
  • Slight decrease in fluid intelligence (ability to process new information quickly)
  • Normal functioning in all activities of daily living
• Mild neurocognitive disorder (mild cognitive impairment)
  • Mild decline in ≥1 cognitive domains
  • Normal functioning in all activities of daily living with compensation
• Major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)
  • Significant decline in ≥1 cognitive domains
  • Irreversible global cognitive impairment
  • Marked functional impairment
  • Chronic & progressive, months to years
• Major depression
  • Reversible mild-moderate cognitive impairment
  • Features of depression (mood, interest, energy)
  • Episodic, weeks to months