Epidemiology

Etiology

• Chronic placental insufficiency
• ↓ Renal output (e.g., due to bilateral renal agenesis, ARPKD, obstruction of posterior urethral valves)
• Chronic amniotic fluid leakage

Pathophysiology

oligohydramnios → intrauterine compression and decreased amniotic fluid ingestions → ↓ space for fetal development → internal and external deformations

Clinical features

• Pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death due to severe neonatal respiratory insufficiency)
• Craniofacial abnormalities (e.g., prominent epicanthal and infraorbital folds, flattened nose, receding chin, low set ears)
• Wrinkling of the skin
• Limb anomalies (e.g., bowed legs, clubbed feet)

Diagnostics

Treatment