Intravenous fluid therapy

Tonicity
- Isotonic
  - Fluid type
    - 0.9% (normal) saline
    - Lactated Ringer solution
    - Albumin (5% or 25%)
      - Colloid solution; all other listed fluid types are crystalloid solutions.
  - Clinical use
    - Volume resuscitation (e.g., hypovolemia, shock)
    - Volume replacement, treatment of SBP or HRS
      - HRS = hepatorenal syndrome; SBP = spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
- Hypotonic
  - Fluid type
    - Dextrose 5% in water
      - Dextrose 5% in water (initially slightly hypotonic) & dextrose 5% in 0.45% saline (initially hypertonic) become markedly hypotonic due to metabolism of glucose.
    - 0.45% (half-normal) saline
    - Dextrose 5% in 0.45% (half-normal) saline
  - Clinical use
    - Free water deficit
    - Maintenance hydration
- Hypertonic
  - Fluid type
    - 3% (hypertonic) saline
  - Clinical use
    - Severe, symptomatic hyponatremia