Epidemiology

Etiology

• Compression of subclavian vessels and the lower trunk of the brachial plexus (mainly occurs within the scalene triangle) due to:
  • Bones: anomalous cervical rib (an extra rib above the first rib)
    • TOS most commonly occurs due to compression of the brachial plexus within the scalene triangle, which is formed by the anterior and middle scalene muscles and the first rib.
  • Soft tissue: hypertrophic muscles in athletes and weight lifters, poor posture and obesity, hematoma, tumors (e.g., Pancoast tumor)

Pathophysiology

Clinical features

Diagnostics

Treatment

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