Metabolic Acidosis

  • Definition: pH < 7.35 due to HCO3⁻ < 24.
  • Compensation: Hyperventilation (↓ pCO2).
  • Anion Gap (AG): Na⁺ - (Cl⁻ + HCO3⁻). Normal = 8–12.
  • High AG Metabolic Acidosis (MUDPILES)
    • Mechanism: Accumulation of organic acids (unmeasured anions) consuming HCO3-.
      • Measured anions are Cl- and HCO3-. Others are all unmeasured.
    • Methanol (Vision loss)
    • Uremia
    • DKA
    • Propylene glycol
    • Iron / INH
    • Lactic acidosis (Shock, Metformin) t
    • Ethylene glycol (Calcium oxalate crystals)
    • Salicylates (Mixed Met Acidosis + Resp Alkalosis)
  • Normal AG Metabolic Acidosis (HARDASS)
    • Mechanism: Direct loss of HCO3- or impaired acid excretion (Hyperchloremic).
    • Hyperalimentation
    • Acetazolamide
    • RTA (Types 1, 2, 4)
    • Diarrhea (#1 cause, Urine AG is Negative)
    • Aldosterone antagonists
    • Saline infusion
  • Key Calculations
    • Winter’s Formula: Checks compensation.
      • Exp pCO2 = 1.5 × [HCO3⁻] + 8 ± 2
    • Urine AG: (Urine Na + Urine K) - Urine Cl.
      • Negative: Diarrhea (Gut loss).
      • Positive: RTA (Renal loss).